"Genotoxic carcinogens can lead to DNA mutations with the potential to cause cancer. Typically, a series of mutation events are needed before malignancy occurs so a single, small exposure may not result in disease. Also, cells have an armoury of defence mechanisms which, to a degree, counter the effects of mutagens. Distinguishing the point at which exposure to a carcinogen increases mutation rates beyond the background level is challeng ..."
DNA Repair Protocols Mammalian Systems Vol. 314 by Daryl S. Henderson 498 Pages, Published 2005 by Springer Science & Business Media ISBN-13: 978-1-59259-973-8, ISBN: 1-59259-973-7